隧道工程
一、隧道基础 | Tunnel Fundamentals
二、地质与围岩 | Geology & Rock Mass
三、初期支护 | Initial Support
四、二次衬砌 | Final Lining
五、隧道施工设备 | Tunneling Equipment
六、隧道监测 | Tunnel Monitoring
Drill-and-Blast Tunnel — Face Drilling and Blasting
Fan, we're about to blast the next round at the tunnel face. What's the geology looking like?
范工，准备爆破下一个循环了。掌子面地质怎么样？
范工: We're in Class III rock right now — moderately jointed granite. RMR is about 55. The face is stable, no significant water inflow. Yesterday's round pulled 12 feet. Today we're going for another 12-foot round.
现在在III类围岩——中等节理花岗岩。RMR大约55。掌子面稳定，没有大 涌水。昨天循环进尺12英尺。今天再做12英尺。
The drilling jumbo just finished marking the face. Foreman, how's the drill pattern?
凿岩台车刚画完掌子面。工长，钻孔布置怎么样？
打孔工长: 92 holes total — 8 cut holes in the center at 45 degrees, 24 stopers around the cut, 40 contour holes around the perimeter, and 20 easers in between. Cut holes are 13 feet deep, all others 12 feet. The burden is 2.5 feet and spacing is 3 feet.
总共92个孔——中心8个掏槽眼45度，周围24个崩落眼，周边40个光爆眼， 中间20个辅助眼。掏槽眼深13英尺，其余12英尺。最小抵抗线2.5英尺，间距 3英尺。
What's the explosive load?
装药量多少？
范工: Total charge is 480 lbs of emulsion explosive. Cut holes get 5 cartridges each (heaviest charge), contour holes get 2 cartridges for smooth blasting. We're using non-electric detonators with 25-millisecond delays. The cut fires first, then the stopers, then the contour — creates a sequential burn toward the center.
总装药量480磅乳化炸药。掏槽眼每孔5管（装药最多），周边眼每孔2管 做光面爆破。用非电雷管，25毫秒延时。掏槽先爆、然后崩落、最后周边—— 形成向中心逐层崩落。
Before charging, I want to verify ventilation is running and gas monitoring is in place.
装药前，我要确认风机在运转、气体检测在位。
范工: Ventilation duct is 4 feet from the face — 20,000 CFM fresh air. Gas monitor reads zero methane, zero CO. Safe to load.
风管距掌子面4英尺——20,000 CFM新风。气体检测仪读数甲烷零、CO零。 可以装药了。
(after blasting and ventilation) Let's check the round. (entering face) Pull is 12 feet 2 inches — good. The contour is smooth — half-barrels visible on the perimeter holes. That's a textbook smooth blast. Overbreak is less than 4 inches.
（爆破通风后）检查循环。（进入掌子面）进尺12英尺2英寸——好。轮廓平 整——周边孔半边眼清晰可见。教科书级别的光面爆破。超挖不到4英寸。
Good. Now we need to muck out, then scale the loose rock, then install the initial support — shotcrete, wire mesh, and rock bolts. How long until the face is supported?
好。现在出渣、然后敲帮问顶、然后做初期支护——喷混凝土、挂网、打锚 杆。掌子面多长时间能支护好？
范工: Mucking will take about 2 hours. Shotcrete robot is standing by — we'll apply 4 inches of wet-mix shotcrete immediately after scaling, then install 8-foot rock bolts at 4-foot spacing. Face should be fully supported within 4 hours of blasting.
出渣大概2小时。湿喷机械手就位——撬顶后立刻喷4英寸湿喷混凝土，然后打 8英尺锚杆、间距4英尺。爆破后4小时掌子面全部支护完毕。
Tunnel Lining — Cast-in-Place Concrete and Quality Control
Fan, the initial support is completed and the waterproofing membrane is installed for the next 40-foot section. Let's walk through the lining pour before the form jumbo moves in.
范工，初期支护做完了，防水板也铺了下一段40英尺。台车进去之前我们 走一遍衬砌浇筑流程。
范工: The secondary lining is 12 inches thick, 4,000 psi concrete, with a 64-foot diameter circular cross-section. We're pouring 40 feet at a time using the traveling form jumbo — it's a collapsible steel form with hydraulic rams.
二次衬砌12英寸厚，4,000 psi混凝土，圆形断面直径64英尺。每次浇筑40 英尺，用移动模板台车——是带液压千斤顶的可收缩钢模。
Operator, walk us through the form setup.
操作手，给我们讲一下模板安装流程。
台车操作手: Form is positioned and expanded. I've checked the alignment — the form is within 1/4 inch of design position in all directions. The invert pour is already done — that was placed last week. We're pouring the arch and walls today. Concrete will be pumped from the bottom up through ports in the form, with vibrators mounted on the form skin.
模板定位并撑开了。我检查了对中——模板在所有方向都距设计位置1/4英寸 以内。仰拱已经浇筑了——上周做的。今天浇筑拱部和边墙。混凝土从下往上 通过模板上的窗口泵入，模板面板上装有附着式振捣器。
I see the waterstop at the construction joint between the previous lining section and this one. Is it properly embedded?
我看到前一段衬砌和这段之间的施工缝止水带了。埋设到位吗？
范工: Yes — the PVC waterstop is cast 6 inches into the previous pour. We use a steel band to hold it in position during concrete placement. Also, the contact grouting pipes are pre-installed through the form — we'll do contact grouting 28 days after the pour.
到位——PVC止水带浇入前段6英寸。混凝土浇筑时用钢带固定位置。还有， 接触注浆管已经预埋穿过模板——浇筑后28天做接触注浆。
OK. Start the pour. I'll monitor the concrete pressure on the form — max allowable is 1,500 psf.
好。开始浇筑。我监测模板上的混凝土压力——最大允许1,500 psf。
范工: (during pour) Concrete is flowing well. Slump is 7 inches at the pump — within the 6 to 8-inch spec. Pressure gauge on the form is reading 1,100 psf — well under the limit.
（浇筑中）混凝土流动顺畅。泵口坍落度7英寸——在6到8英寸指标内。模 板压力表读数1,100 psf——远在限值以下。
(after pour, 3 days later) The cylinder breaks hit 3,000 psi this morning. We're stripping the form. The surface finish is smooth — no honeycombing, no cold joints. Form offset at the construction joint is less than 1/8 inch.
（浇筑后3天）今早试块达到3,000 psi。拆模了。表面光洁——没有蜂窝、 没有冷缝。施工缝处模板错台小于1/8英寸。
I'll document this section as accepted. Fan, keep an eye on the crown settlement for this section — we should see it stabilize within two weeks.
我把这一段记录为已验收。范工，盯着这段的拱顶沉降——两周内应该趋于 稳定。