风电基础
一、风能基础 | Wind Energy Fundamentals
二、风资源评估 | Wind Resource Assessment
三、风机分类 | Turbine Classifications
四、风电场设计 | Wind Farm Design
Wind Farm Micro-Siting and Energy Yield Assessment
Duan, the met mast has been collecting data for 18 months. What does the wind resource look like at the site?
段工，测风塔已经采集18个月数据了。场址风资源怎么样？
段工: The average wind speed at 100-meter hub height is 7.8 m/s, or 17.4 mph. The Weibull shape factor k is 2.1 — that's a fairly consistent wind regime, not too gusty. The prevailing wind direction is from the southwest — about 60% of the energy comes from the SW quadrant.
100米轮毂高度平均风速7.8 m/s。韦伯形状因子k为2.1——风况比较均匀， 不算太阵性。主导风向来自西南——约60%的能量来自西南象限。
We've run the wind farm optimization. With 40 turbines rated at 5 MW each — that's a 200 MW wind farm — the gross annual energy production is about 680 GWh. After wake losses (6.5%), electrical losses (2.5%), turbine availability (96%), and other losses, the net AEP is 590 GWh.
我们跑完了风电场优化。40台5 MW风机——即200 MW风电场——年总发电量 约680 GWh。扣除尾流损失（6.5%）、电气损失（2.5%）、风机可用率（96%） 等，净年发电量590 GWh。
That's about a 34% net capacity factor — solid for an onshore site. What turbine model are you using?
那就是约34%的净容量因子——对陆上风场很扎实。用什么风机型号？
段工: We're using the V-150 5.0 MW — a pitch-regulated, variable- speed, DFIG turbine. Cut-in wind speed is 3 m/s, rated at 12.5 m/s, cut-out at 25 m/s. The rotor diameter is 150 meters, and the hub height is 100 meters. This turbine is IEC Class IIB — suitable for our wind conditions.
我们用V-150 5.0 MW——变桨变速双馈式风机。切入风速3 m/s、额定12.5 m/s、切出25 m/s。风轮直径150米、轮毂高度100米。IEC IIB级——适合我 们这里的风况。
What about the wake losses? With 40 turbines, they'll inevitably shade each other.
尾流损失呢？40台风机，互相遮挡不可避免。
段工: Correct. We spaced the turbines 7 rotor diameters apart in the prevailing wind direction and 4 diameters crosswind. That's about 1,050 meters by 600 meters spacing. The wake model predicts 6.5% array loss — that's actually lower than typical because the site has high turbulence which helps wake recovery.
对。风机沿主导风向间距7倍风轮直径、垂直风向4倍——即约1,050米×600 米间距。尾流模型预测阵列损失6.5%——其实比典型值低，因为这个场址湍流 强有利于尾流恢复。
Met Mast Data Validation and Long-Term Correlation
Duan, your AEP estimate is based on 18 months of site data correlated to a long-term reference. What's your reference source, and how did you do the MCP?
段工，你的AEP估算是基于18个月现场数据关联到长期参考源。参考源是什 么，MCP是怎么做的？
段工: We used the MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset as the long-term reference — 20 years of hourly wind data at the site coordinates. The MCP correlation between our met mast and MERRA-2 has an R² of 0.87 — strong correlation. We used the Variance Ratio method for the long-term adjustment.
我们用MERRA-2再分析数据集做长期参考——20年的逐时风数据在场地坐标位 置。测风塔与MERRA-2的MCP相关性R²为0.87——强相关。长期修正用了方差比 法。
Let me verify the wind shear. Your met mast has anemometers at 40m, 60m, 80m, and 100m. What's the measured shear exponent?
我验证一下风切变。测风塔上有40m、60m、80m和100m风速计。实测切变指 数多少？
段工: The measured wind shear exponent is 0.18 — relatively low, which is good. It means the wind speed doesn't increase dramatically with height, but it also means the site is fairly well-exposed with low surface roughness.
实测风切变指数0.18——偏低，这是好事。意味着风速随高度增加不太剧烈， 但也意味着场址比较曝露、地表粗糙度低。
We also cross-validated with the LiDAR unit we deployed for 6 months alongside the met mast. The LiDAR wind speeds at 100m matched the cup anemometer within 1.2% — excellent.
我们还用激光雷达在测风塔旁边做了6个月交叉验证。LiDAR在100米的测风 与杯式风速计偏差在1.2%以内——非常好。
OK. With the MCP-corrected long-term wind speed, what's the P50, P75, and P90 AEP?
好。用MCP修正后的长期风速，P50、P75和P90年发电量是多少？
段工: P50 net AEP: 590 GWh/year. P75: 565 GWh. P90: 545 GWh. The P90/P50 ratio is 0.92 — within the typical 0.85-0.95 range for onshore wind. The uncertainty is well-managed.
P50净年发电量：590 GWh/年。P75：565 GWh。P90：545 GWh。P90/P50 比值为0.92——在陆上风电0.85-0.95的典型范围内。不确定性控制得很好。