起重吊装安全
一、起重吊装基础 | Lifting Fundamentals
二、起重机类型 | Crane Types
三、吊索具 | Rigging Gear
四、吊装安全技术要求 | Lifting Safety Requirements
五、检查与维护 | Inspection & Maintenance
场景一：主变压器卸车吊装——关键吊装作业 Main Transformer Offloading — Critical Lift This is a critical lift — the main power transformer, 230kV / 180 MVA. Net weight: 142 tons, plus rigging brings the gross load to 148 tons. Lift plan approved yesterday. Weather check: wind 12 km/h from the northwest — within our 25 km/h limit. Ground bearing pressure verified: compacted gravel pad, 350 kPa bearing capacity. The 250-ton crawler crane is set up at 8m working radius — load chart shows 162 tons at 8m, giving us a 14-ton margin or about 9.5% capacity buffer. Rigging: four 25-ton WLL slings in basket hitch configuration, equalizer beam to distribute the load. All rigging color-coded green for Q3 2025. Pre-lift briefing complete. Any questions before we start the trial lift?
这是关键吊装——主变压器230kV/180MVA。净重142吨、加吊索具总 载148吨。吊装方案昨天已批。天气检查:西北风12km/h——在25km/h限值 内。地面承压验证:压实砾石垫层、承载力350kPa。250吨履带吊设在8m工 作半径——载荷图显示8m处162吨、有14吨裕度或约9.5%容量缓冲。吊索具: 四根25吨WLL吊带、篮式配置、均衡梁分配荷载。全部索具Q3 2025绿色 色标。吊前交底完毕。试吊前有问题吗？
Confirm wind at 12 km/h. Load moment indicator zeroed. All outriggers fully extended, mats seated, crane leveled within 0.5°. Ready for trial lift on your signal.
确认风速12km/h。力矩限制器归零。全支腿完全伸出、垫板坐实、 吊车水平度0.5°内。等你信号开始试吊。
Signalman, clear the exclusion zone — 20m radius. (zone cleared) Trial lift: raise the load 100mm and hold. (transformer lifts 100mm) Check all rigging — slings seated correctly, no twisting, equalizer beam level. Check the crane — no settlement on the mats, load moment indicator reads 150.3 tons — within 2% of our calculated 148 tons. Check the transformer — level, no tilt, no structural noise. Hold for 60 seconds — (60 seconds pass) Trial lift successful. Proceed with the lift — swing to the foundation pad, slow speed, maintain 100mm clearance until over the pad, then lower slowly. Tag lines on both ends — keep the load under control.
信号员、清空吊装区——20m半径。(区域清空)试吊:起升100mm保持。 (变压器起升100mm)检查全部索具——吊带就位正确、无扭转、均衡梁 水平。查吊车——垫板无下沉、力矩限制器读数150.3吨——在计算148吨 的2%偏差内。查变压器——水平、无倾斜、无结构异响。保持60秒—— (60秒过)试吊成功。继续吊装——回转至基础台、慢速、保持100mm间隙 直至台板上方、然后慢降。两端拉绳——控制住负载。
场景二：吊索具拒用——破损钢丝绳 Rigging Rejection — Damaged Wire Rope Sling
HSE, I need you to look at this wire rope sling. I was about to use it for the inverter skid lift — 8 tons. I did the pre-use check and found this.
HSE、来看这根钢丝绳吊索。刚要用来吊逆变器撬——8吨。做使用前 检查发现这个。
(inspects closely) I see it — three broken wires in one strand within a 50mm section of the rope. And here — significant corrosion between strands near the thimble splice. (counts) There are seven broken wires in total across the length. According to the discard criteria, the maximum is 6 broken wires in one rope lay, or 3 broken wires in one strand. Either criterion met independently means discard. This sling should have been removed from service. Where's the inspection tag?
(仔细看)看到了——50mm区间内一股断了三丝。还有这——索套接头附近 股间严重腐蚀。(数)整根总共断了七丝。按报废标准、一个绳捻距内最多 6根断丝、或一股内最多3根断丝。任一标准独立达到即报废。这根吊索本 该已经退役了。检验标签呢？
(checks tag) The tag says inspected last month — green for Q3. But whoever inspected it clearly didn't look closely. The corrosion has been there longer than a month — it's pitting, not surface rust.
(查标签)标签说上月检验——Q3绿色。但检查的人显然没仔细看。腐蚀 时间超过一个月了——这是点蚀、不是表面锈。
This sling is immediately quarantined — red tag, cut the eyes off so nobody can use it accidentally. I'm logging this as a quality failure in the rigging inspection program. The inspector who signed this off will be retrained. Before the next lift: I want every wire rope sling in the Zone D container re-inspected by a different inspector. If one sling slipped through, there could be others. No lifts in Zone D until the re-inspection is complete. This is non-negotiable.
这根吊索立即隔离——红牌、割掉索眼让人不能误用。记入索具检验 程序质量失误。签此标签的检验员将重新培训。下次吊装前:要求D区集装 箱里每根钢丝绳吊索由另一检验员重新检验。一根漏了、可能还有其他。 复检完成前D区不吊装。不容谈判。